Compression¶

Most WebSocket servers exchange JSON messages because they’re convenient to parse and serialize in a browser. These messages contain text data and tend to be repetitive.

This makes the stream of messages highly compressible. Compressing messages can reduce network traffic by more than 80%.

websockets implements WebSocket Per-Message Deflate, a compression extension based on the Deflate algorithm specified in RFC 7692.

connect() and serve() enable compression by default because the reduction in network bandwidth is usually worth the additional memory and CPU cost.

Configuring compression¶

To disable compression, set compression=None:

connect(..., compression=None, ...)

serve(..., compression=None, ...)

To customize compression settings, enable the Per-Message Deflate extension explicitly with ClientPerMessageDeflateFactory or ServerPerMessageDeflateFactory:

from websockets.extensions import permessage_deflate

connect(
    ...,
    extensions=[
        permessage_deflate.ClientPerMessageDeflateFactory(
            server_max_window_bits=11,
            client_max_window_bits=11,
            compress_settings={"memLevel": 4},
        ),
    ],
)

serve(
    ...,
    extensions=[
        permessage_deflate.ServerPerMessageDeflateFactory(
            server_max_window_bits=11,
            client_max_window_bits=11,
            compress_settings={"memLevel": 4},
        ),
    ],
)

The Window Bits and Memory Level values in these examples reduce memory usage at the expense of compression rate.

Compression parameters¶

When a client and a server enable the Per-Message Deflate extension, they negotiate two parameters to guarantee compatibility between compression and decompression. These parameters affect the trade-off between compression rate and memory usage for both sides.

Context Takeover means that the compression context is retained between messages. In other words, compression is applied to the stream of messages rather than to each message individually.

Context takeover should remain enabled to get good performance on applications that send a stream of messages with similar structure, that is, most applications.

This requires retaining the compression context and state between messages, which increases the memory footprint of a connection.
Window Bits controls the size of the compression context. It must be an integer between 9 (lowest memory usage) and 15 (best compression). Setting it to 8 is possible but rejected by some versions of zlib and not very useful.

On the server side, websockets defaults to 12. Specifically, the compression window size (server to client) is always 12 while the decompression window (client to server) size may be 12 or 15 depending on whether the client supports configuring it.

On the client side, websockets lets the server pick a suitable value, which has the same effect as defaulting to 15.

zlib offers additional parameters for tuning compression. They control the trade-off between compression rate, memory usage, and CPU usage for compressing. They’re transparent for decompressing.

Memory Level controls the size of the compression state. It must be an integer between 1 (lowest memory usage) and 9 (best compression).

websockets defaults to 5. This is lower than zlib’s default of 8. Not only does a lower memory level reduce memory usage, but it can also increase speed thanks to memory locality.
Compression Level controls the effort to optimize compression. It must be an integer between 1 (lowest CPU usage) and 9 (best compression).

websockets relies on the default value chosen by compressobj(), Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION.
Strategy selects the compression strategy. The best choice depends on the type of data being compressed.

websockets relies on the default value chosen by compressobj(), Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY.

To customize these parameters, add keyword arguments for compressobj() in compress_settings.

Default settings for servers¶

By default, websockets enables compression with conservative settings that optimize memory usage at the cost of a slightly worse compression rate: Window Bits = 12 and Memory Level = 5. This strikes a good balance for small messages that are typical of WebSocket servers.

Here’s an example of how compression settings affect memory usage per connection, compressed size, and compression time for a corpus of JSON documents.

Window Bits	Memory Level	Memory usage	Size vs. default	Time vs. default
15	8	316 KiB	-10%	+10%
14	7	172 KiB	-7%	+5%
13	6	100 KiB	-3%	+2%
12	5	64 KiB	=	=
11	4	46 KiB	+10%	-4%
10	3	37 KiB	+70%	-40%
9	2	33 KiB	+130%	-90%
—	—	14 KiB	+350%	—

Window Bits and Memory Level don’t have to move in lockstep. However, other combinations don’t yield significantly better results than those shown above.

websockets defaults to Window Bits = 12 and Memory Level = 5 to stay away from Window Bits = 10 or Memory Level = 3 where performance craters, raising doubts on what could happen at Window Bits = 11 and Memory Level = 4 on a different corpus.

Defaults must be safe for all applications, hence a more conservative choice.

Optimizing settings¶

Compressed size and compression time depend on the structure of messages exchanged by your application. As a consequence, default settings may not be optimal for your use case.

To compare how various compression settings perform for your use case:

Create a corpus of typical messages in a directory, one message per file.
Run the compression/benchmark.py script, passing the directory in argument.

The script measures compressed size and compression time for all combinations of Window Bits and Memory Level. It outputs two tables with absolute values and two tables with values relative to websockets’ default settings.

Pick your favorite settings in these tables and configure them as shown above.

Default settings for clients¶

By default, websockets enables compression with Memory Level = 5 but leaves the Window Bits setting up to the server.

There’s two good reasons and one bad reason for not optimizing Window Bits on the client side as on the server side:

If the maintainers of a server configured some optimized settings, we don’t want to override them with more restrictive settings.
Optimizing memory usage doesn’t matter very much for clients because it’s uncommon to open thousands of client connections in a program.
On a more pragmatic and annoying note, some servers misbehave badly when a client configures compression settings. AWS API Gateway is the worst offender.

Unfortunately, even though websockets is right and AWS is wrong, many users jump to the conclusion that websockets doesn’t work.

Until the ecosystem levels up, interoperability with buggy servers seems more valuable than optimizing memory usage.

Decompression¶

The discussion above focuses on compression because it’s more expensive than decompression. Indeed, leaving aside small allocations, theoretical memory usage is:

(1 << (windowBits + 2)) + (1 << (memLevel + 9)) for compression;
1 << windowBits for decompression.

CPU usage is also higher for compression than decompression.

While it’s always possible for a server to use a smaller window size for compressing outgoing messages, using a smaller window size for decompressing incoming messages requires collaboration from clients.

When a client doesn’t support configuring the size of its compression window, websockets enables compression with the largest possible decompression window. In most use cases, this is more efficient than disabling compression both ways.

If you are very sensitive to memory usage, you can reverse this behavior by setting the require_client_max_window_bits parameter of ServerPerMessageDeflateFactory to True.